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Geology |
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Geological structure, relief, climate, internal waters
Geological structure and relief
The most part of territory of the Vinnytsya district is located in the borders of the Ukrainian crystal board, on its southwestern outskirts. The geological history of the district's territory is complicated. It has affected on the formation of relief.
The base of the territory is made of rock, which formation concerns to the Precambrian time. They are granite-gneisses mainly. The abruptions of the Precambrian rock on a day surface are in deep ravine, beams and as thresholds on rivers (especially on the Southern Bug and its tributaries, and Dniester - in the area of Yampol). Reddish and grey granites of the Precambrian origin are met in deflections along stream of the Markovka and Rusava Rivers. The greatest part of abruptions of crystal rocks on the day surface is observed in a strip between lines (conditionally) Kozyatyn-Pogrebysche and Mogiliv-Podilsky - Yampyl.
The part of the Ukrainian crystal board, that is situated in borders of the Vinnytsya district, has general incline to west - southwest. Therefore crystal rocks are blocked with powerful thickness of the aqueous deposits of the Paleozoic period and the Age of Reptilies in the Subdniesteria. In the Subdniesteria sea deposits of the Silurian period are widespread enough. They are posts, green, grey and violet slates, limestones. Silurian deposits are widespread in the area, limited (conditionally) with a line, taking place through the village Zhvan (the Murovano-Kurilovits region), station Nemerchy up to Chernovtsy. Further, to the southeast, Silurian deposits are widespread in the bottom current of the Rusava and Yalanka Rivers, to the place where Markovka flows into the Dniester. Here and there Silurian deposits have thickness from 250 up to 350 m.
The deposits of the cretaceous period (the Age of Reptilies) are widespread in the Subdniesteria. Cretaceous rocks have spread with a wide strip along the Dniester, from the Zhvan and Karaets rivers to the Kamyanka basin, just as the Silurian deposits. The thicknesses of the cretaceous period deposits reach 40, sometimes 60 m. Rotten-stone, marl and flint concretion are characteristic for them.
In comparison with Paleozoic and Mesozoic deposits, Neogenic ones, in particular, of the Sarmatic and Baltic stage, are widespread on the much greater part of territory of the district.
The eastern border of expansion of the Sarmatic stage deposits passes approximately through Vinnytsya, station Gumenne, the village Yurkivtsy (the Nemiryv region), settlement Dashyv (the Illynets region) , villages Kuzmintsy (the Gaysyn region), Ladizhyn (the Trostyanets region), Sobolivka (the Gaysyn region), on the left coast of the Southern Bug up to Gayvoron (the Kirovograd district). Sarmatic deposits are basically oolitic and shell limestones and have thickness from 5 up to 100 m. These deposits have been well intected on the divides, and in river valleys they are degraded.
Limestone deposits of the Sarmatic Sea have a wide circulation in the whole Subdniesteria. So, in the Rusava river basin oolitic deposits have capacity of the layers 80-85 m, and on the Kamyanka river - 25 m. The limestones near the villages Dzhugaiistra and Kukula are marked with a large (up to 93 %) content of ÑàÑÎç and consequently they are a valuable raw material for the burning of limestone out.
Deposits of the Baltic circle are mostly widespread in the left part of the Southern Bug, in the central and southern parts of the district, basically on divides the white loose sand, griable sandstone, red, brown clay and shingle alternate in the Baltic deposits. Capacity of the deposits is from 5 up to 120 ì (the greatest is in the southeastern part of the district).
Anthropogenic deposits are widespread on the whole territory of the district. They are brown clay, loess and loess-like loam, alluvium on the river terraces. In the northeastern part of the district sandy-shingle deposits are widespread, which, as is considered, have brought thawed glacial waters of the last freezing (Dnepropetrovsky).
The territory relief of the Vinnytsya district in that kind, in which we see it now, has shaped in close connection with a geological structure and as a result of actions of the external factors. The work of the fluid waters had (and is having now) a large influence on the formation of the relief. The centuries-old stratifications of the friable rocks have washed away fluid waters. Channels of the rivers, ravines, gullies have dismembered the surface for numerous locks. Therefore the modern surface of the district represents wavy, here and there hilly plain, as a whole.
The territory of the Vinnytsya district is located in borders of the large geomorphological area - the Right-Bank height. In the territory of Vinnytchyna, taking into account features of the geological development of the relief and geostructures, such geomorphological areas are marked out: the Podolsk plateau and the Subdniesterian height.
The Podolsk plateau occupies the greatest part of area. It proceeds further to west in the territory of the Khmelnitskiy and Ternopol districts. It is possible to draw the east border of the plateau (conditionally) from the Upper Snivoda to Kalinyvka to the Upper Sob and further up to the place where it flows into the Southern Bug, which valley is also a border of the plateau in this area. The downturn of the relief, in which Snivoda, Sob and the Southern Bug flow, separates the Podolsk plateau from the Subdniesterian height, which part comes in the territory of the district.
In the territory of Vinnytsya district the Podolsk plateau has the greatest height between Zhmerinka and Rahny (the Shargorod region). The maximum height of it is 384 m above the sea level. Not far from the village Stepashky (the Bar region) the separate site of the plateau has a mark of 382 m. Just here the divide of the rivers, which flow into the Southern Bug and Dniester, passes. In general the plateau is strongly cut out by the valleys of the numerous small rivers, ravines and doesn't represent the unbroken flat surface, but the flat spaces are characteristic for all divides.
The Dniester-Bug divide is gradually reduces in the southeastern direction. The railway to Odessa is laid almost along its crest from Zhmerynka to Vapnyarka.
The part of the Podolsk plateau, that has inclination towards Dniester, is marked with a very large dividing on separate locks. In the headstreams the Lyadova, Nemia, Zhvan and Murapha rivers flow from northwest to southeast on the bottom of the wide branchy gullies, their slopes are gentle and soft, and consequently the relief of this district has a kind of a wavy plain, and all of them become typically Podolsk with the approaching of river valleys to the Dniester. The rivers carry waters in the meridional direction from north to south, and they deeply run into sidimentary, the valleys are canyon-like, wholly deprived of terraces, the slopes form sleep breakages with frequent declination of the lime- and sandstone. Up to ten deep river valleys run into the plateau in the Subdniesteria during 50 kms from the border with the Khmelnitskiy district. Divide territories between two rivers are like narrow locks of width about 5 kms, the sleep slopes fall down to the bottom of valleys, from time to time are broken with separate ledge. The researchers consider, that comparatively the fast raising of the Podillya, which occured in the anthropogenic time, has resulted in strengthened wash-out of the southwestern slopes of the Podolsk plateau. Deep valleys of the Subdniesterian rivers give a kind of mountain district to this part of the district. The valley of the Lyadova river runs in 110 m in a site between the Bottom Olchedaevo and Yarixhev, the valley of the Nemia river has depth of 90 m from the village Ozyarynets up to the place where it flows into the Dniester. In the same deep canyon channels of the Derly and Bronnytsa rivers are situated, and the Murapha carries the waters on depth of 110 m in the bottom current not far from the villages Busha and Bukatinka. This fact concerns also the valleys of such rivers, as the Rusava, Markyvka and Kamyanka. For example, the depth of the Rusava valley is 80-85 m near the village Ctyna, and on the site between Vili (187 m of the absolute height) and Ctyna (166,5 ì of the absolute height) the distance is 6 kms, but the river falls down on 20 m and becomes a real mountain flow here, and in the places of the abruption of crystal rocks rapids have formed on it.
The Markovka river has a wide and rather shallow valley in the upper stream, and in the lower one it goes deep till 40-60 m.
The researcher V.Reznichenko, being delighted with the Vinnytsya Subdniesteria, wrote: "Rich, cheerful, extremely picturesque villages of the Subdniesterian country on the hills and in valleys, with vineyards on the slopes, with kitchen gardens and magnificent orchard above silently rustling rivers, with a landscape, that frequently forms illusion of the typically mountainous with its features; green copses and steppe; wide fields on the branchy plateau - this is all tender nature of noon-western Ukraine with its seductive landscape... "
The limestone deflections along the Rusava river near the Village Ctyna, belong to such remarkable nature monuments, which are brought to the regional register. The canyon-like valley of the river and ravines, the rise up to it, the limestone deflections, the granite abruptions, wood in the river valley, the rapids and tiny waterfalls - all this gives an original unique beauty to the district.
Wonderful forms of the weathering are characteristic for the Vinnytsya Subdniesteria, that is connected with the presence of the friable rocks (Silurian lime- and sandstones). Chimney, or witnesses are met in the valleys of the Nemia (lower than Ozyarynets) and Murapha (near the Village Bukatynka). Numerous pocket-closets are met on the surface of the Silurian sandstone rocks in the valleys of the left-bank tributaries of the Dniester - Lyadova, Nemai, Derl, Cuha Busha, and also near the village Yaruga. Rock-mushrooms, caves of blowing-out are met in the valley of the Nemia; looses of the acute-angled stones are scattered everywhere. The researchers connect the presence of such blowing-out forms with the traces of deserts distributed in Podillya in the far past.
Hilly forms of surface - limestone reef rocks - are also widespread in the Subdniesteria. They are situated the Murapha basin, but especially boldly they overflow in the left bank of the Kamyanka river. Due to their presence, the valley of the lower stream of the Kamyanka is skew not far from the villages Kukulya, Bolgan and Dmytrashovka.
The eastern and northeastern parts of the Podolsk plateau are considerably less dismembered by the river valleys in borders of the district. The crystal rocks are blocked here with a superficial layer of the anthropogenic deposits. The general decrease of the relief in the Southern Bug and the Snyvoda valleys direction occurs gradually. The river valleys are wider here, than in the Subdniesteria. The plateau has the average height from 250 up to 300 m in the northwestern part of the district. The separate eminences are situated to northwest from Vinnytsya (the average height is 300 m) and to south from Khmelnic (the average height is 300 m, the maximum is 345 m).
The Subdnieper height is situated in the northeastern part of the district, from the upper reaches of the Snyvoda up to Mountainious Tykich. The most raised part of it (from the upper reaches of the Roska and Sob up to Komsomolske) has the average height of 300 m. The separate eminences reach 323 m not far from the village Peremoga (the Kozyatyn region). The sandy-shingle deposits, widespread in this region, show that water-ice streams flowed from the Upper Teteriv through the Snyvoda and Southern Bug, crossing the watershed. Further, to southeast the height is gradually reduces. From Pliskov up to Dzhulynky (the Bershad region) the average height of the aria does not exceed 250 m. Only separate eminences have larger marks. The slopes of the Subdnieper height are also cut with numerous river valleys and ravines, in particular in the southeastern part.
In the Kazyatyn, Pogrebysche and partially Lypovets regions the slopes of the Subdnieper are cut with the valleys of the Glynopyat, Guyva, Gulva rivers (in north of the district) and Ros, Rostavytsa, Orihova, Roska (in east and southeast).
There are no lowlands, in complete understanding of this definition, in borders of district. There are separate flat sites of the territory, which are situated rather below than the environmental area. It concerns first of all to the downturn in the relief, which stretches along line Lypovets (height - 243-218 ì) - Dashev, where the district has the absolute height of 180-160 m.
A very waterlogged Letichiv lowland is situated in northwest of the district, between the Southern Bug and its tributary Zgar, and its absolute heights almost everywhere do not exceed 300 m. Extended in a direction of longitude, it has width of 15 kms and length of 35 kms. The separate rocks of the Sarmatic limestones and some dome-like granite humps rise on the flat background of the lowland with peatbogs. The humps tower up near the villages Vonyachyn and Suprunov (the Vinnytsya district). It's considered, that the Letychiv lowland is an old valley of the Southern Bug. Fluvioglacial water ran down from it during the Anthropogenic glaciation. Significant sandy tracts, which are especially noticeable in the area of Lytin and Mykulenets, are connected with them.
Climate
The climate of Vinnytchyna is temperately continental, as well as in greater part of the territory of the Right-Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine. A characteristic feature of its climate is long, cool summer with enough moisture and rather short, soft winter.
According to the geographical position, the territory of the district is situated in the sphere of influence of the air weights, sated with a moisture, which goes from the Atlantic ocean, and peripheral part to the Siberian (Asian) anticyclone, for which dry, cold continental air weights are typical. Air weights from Arctic Region and Mediterranean have also influence on a climate of Vinnytchyna.
Vinnytchyna, as well as whole Ukraine, is located in the temterate belt.
The regional centre - Vinnytsya - is located under 49° latitude north, i.e. it is remoted from equator by 49°, and from the North Pole - by 41°. The town is located to the north from the Northern tropic by 26° and to the south of the Northern polar circle by 17°. Hence, just the geographical position determines the temperance of the district climate in the middle breadths.
The climate of territory depends also on the situation of height of the Sun above horizon in the different seasons. The Sun in Vinnytsya reaches its maximal height (more than 64°) in the day of summer solstice (June, 22), when its beams the most steeply fall on the Earth and warm it the best; the lowest situation above horizon the Sun occupies in the day of winter solstice (December, 22) - about 18°, when its beams warm the surface of the Earth marginally, and in the days of vernal and autumnal equinox (March, 21 and September, 23) the Sun height above horizon is about 41°. At the same time if you take into account, that the extent of the district from north to south is very small (less than 2°), the Sun height above horizon is almost identical at different breadths.
Thus, the climate of the Vinnytsya district, located in the temperate belt, also depends on height of the Sun above horizon and corner of the fall of solar beam.
In summer period damp winds of the western and northwestern points prevail in the territory of the district, as of the whole Podillya. They influence most of all on the climatic conditions of the regions situated to northwest from the line Mogiliv-Podilsky - Gaysyn. In a cold season (from October till April) the influence of the Siberian anticyclone with winds of the southern and southeastern points is appreciable in the territory of the district that runs to southeast from this line.
One can make up an impression about the course of the air temperature in some regions of the district on the assumption of the table of the average annual meteorological observation, mentioned below.
The coldest month in the whole district is January, and the warmest one is July. Average amplitudes of the temperature fluctuation don't exceed 25° during the year. Sometimes it happens that the air temperature comes down even to - 32°, - 38° under the influence of continental masses. In summer the temperature sometimes rises to +37°.
The maximum of precipitates accounts for May - July (130 - 170 mm). Winter months are the least damp of all. From 65 to 80 mm fall in December - February.
The average annual amount of the precipitates in the territory of the district is 440-590 mm. 20-25% of the annual amount of the precipitation accounts for the cold period of the year.
The most part of precipitation is in the northwest of the district. The annual amount of precipitation reduces gradually with advance to the southeast. And in the Tulchin and Gaysyn regions about 450 mm fall a year, in the south of the district - less than 450 mm, i.e. 2/3 of precipitation amount of the northwest.
At night and day one can see mists. Mostly they appear in the relief lowerings - in ravines and lowlands, river valleys. The mists give sometimes 0,5-1 mm of precipitation as a result of condensation in spring and autumn months.
Heavy dews are often met in summer. As fogs, the heaviest dews fall in the river valleys.
The change from one season to another happens gradually
A steady change of the average daily temperature across 0° is the spring beginning in the territory of the district. This mostly happens in the second decade of March. Spring lasts about two months. The characteristic features of spring in the district are: the intensive increase of temperature during the day, and due to this fact steady blanket of snow comes down; the soil melts, the evaporation becomes stronger. The average temperature in April at 13 o'clock reaches +10:+13°. The change of the average daily air temperature across +5° happens in the first decade of April, and across +10° - at the end of the third decade.
Establishment of warm weather and stopping of night frost - all these facts are the conditions of the change of spring to summer. Summer lasts from the second half of May till the first half of September. The most part of rains, mainly as cloud-bursts, falls in this period. The quantity of days with precipitation reduces gradually with the approaching of autumn. The air temperature in May at 13 o'clock reaches +18:+20°, in June-August +21..+25°. The summer maximum temperatures in July and August reach +35..+39°.
Autumn begins with the change of the air average daily temperature across +10° towards decreasing. Before that the weather is warm for about a month. The beginning of autumn (the first decade of October) is accompanied with frost, general decrease of temperature, decrease of rainfall. The characteristic feature of autumn in Vinnytchyna is the return of warm sunny days. Autumn is over at the end of November when the average daily air temperatures cross 0° in the decrease direction.
The average daily temperatures are below 0°, but above -5°before the beginning of winter in the territory of the district. Before the beginning of winter the weather is unsteady: frosty days change into thaws, blanket of snow forms repeatedly. Thaws are characteristic for Vinnytchyna during winter, and the air temperature decreases up to +10..+13°. The coldest months in the district are January and February.
One can watch some climatic differences within the district.
The continentality of the climate becomes stronger from northwest to southeast. Climatodividing line Mogiliv-Podilsky - Gaysyn is almost coincides with the barometrical axis.
Southwestern regions are characterized by longer winter and shoter cool summer, great quantity of precipitation and their equal allocation during the year, comparatively lesser annual amplitudes of temperatures, intensive nebulosity and winds of the northwest points.
Northern regions experience considerable continental air masses. The percipitations are for the most part at the beginning of summer, mainly as cloud-bursts. The winds of southeastern direction bring a biting cold spell in winter to these regions and drought in summer.
The most differing region in the climatic concerning is the Subdniestera. The winter comes later here. The first snow covers the ground in 5 days after the central regions of the country. Spring comes a week earlier.
The average temperatures of July are 2° higher, than in the eastern regions. Here in Subdniesteria warm sunny summer days are occured more often.
In general the climate of Vinnytchyna is favourable for the agricultural production. Long-drawn, warm, damp enough summer, early spring, dry autumn and winter with temperate frosts and a considerable snow covering - all these facts influence positively on the growth of grain, industrial and garden crops, vine. The favourable climatic conditions are of great importance for the growing of sugar-beet. Thus, our district is famous for sugar production.
Internal Waters
The hydrography of the Vinnytsya district is presented with a dense graticule of rivers, lakes, ponds, bogs and groundwater.
Rivers. Rivers of the district belong to the Southern Bug, Dniester and Dnieper (Ros) basins. Mainly they have snow and rain feed and belong to the plain type. Density of the river graticule is 0,14 - 0,21 km to 1 sq km (taking into account the rivers which have length less than 10 km). The river valleys have width from 1 to 2 km. Height of the valley slopes runs up to 180 m. These slopes are gently steep, but from time to time plumb ones are met. There are meadows or bushes, sometimes bogs mostly in river seals.
A considerable slope of river-bed (especially in Subdniesteria) is the characteristic feature of the district rivers. As a result their stream is very fast (0,2 - 0,7 m/sec). The river-beds are twisting. Some of them have rapids. The depth 0,3 - 0,8 m predominates in the majority of rivers; in the reaches they increase up to 1,5 - 4 m.
At the end of November - at the beginning of December ice-formation begins on the rivers of the district, and sometimes it drags on 1 - 1,5 months. In connection with the fact that in winter thaws usually have place in Vinnytsya, the ice is broken up on the river several times and they are out of ice. The ice thawing on the rivers begins at the end of February - at the beginning of March. Firstly the ice thaws on the Subdniesterian rivers. Rivers of the Dniester basin become free of ice in the first half of March, and of the Southern Bug and the Ros - at the end of March.
In February - April the district rivers carry 45-55% of the annual water flow, in May - November - 35-40%, in December - January - 10-15%.
The largest river, that flows in the territory of the district on a considerable distance (317 km) and divides it into two, nearly equal, parts, is the Southern Bug. Its length is 792 km, the basin area (with the Ingul) is 63700 sq km. The Southern Bug is the third river of Ukraine in measuring. It originates from the Volyn-Podyl height not far from the village of Kupelya (the Khmelnytsky district) on the height of 340 m above sea level. On taking the tributaries Buzhok, Vovk and Ikva, the southern Bug comes into the territory of the Vinnytsya district near the villages Gulya and Dumenky (the Khmelnitsky region).
From Khmelnyk and up to Guschyntsy (the Kalynyvka region) the river carries its waters in the southeastern direction. The valley is intended here (up to 600 m) and it has a skew shape along the whole length. Right bank is high and rocky, and the left one is lower, partially waterlogged, especially in the wellhead part of the Snyvoda and Postolova.
The Southern Bug flows in the southern direction from Gyschyntsy to Gnyvan. In the section Vinnytsya - Sabarov the river enters the expansion zone of crystal rocks. Its valley is condensed with granite banks here, which rise in 30 - 50 m. The width of the river is within 300 m. The width of the river-bed in the Vinnytsya region is 100-130 m, and lower than the dem of the Sabarov hydroelectrical power station is 70-85 m.
Lower than Vinnytsya in the Southern Bug the terraces are marked out (the first floodplain, the second and the Third). They are developed near Selysche (the Vinnytsya region), Gnyvan and Sutysky (the Tyvryv region).
Rapids and rifts in the Southern Bug are known near the village Sutysky, they are located also in the section Rogyzna (the Nemiriv region) - Pechora (the Tulchyn region). Great barrier-granites overflow in the river channel near Korzhove. In general the abruptions of granite rocks are found in the river-bed and in the valley in the section from Vinnytsya up to the place where the Southern Bug goes out the borders of the district. The Southern Bug has the plumbest stream in the sections Rogyzna - Sokolets, Pechora - Glybochok. Such structure of channel and banks is very handy for the building of hydroelectric power stations.
The Southern Bug usually freezes in the second half of December and the ice is broken in March. The flood lasts since the first half of March till April,15, with abnormal in separate years. The water level in the river rises up to 3 - 3,5 m, but in separate years it can be much higher. High water in the river is usually for 15 days during the flood. It depends on the thickness of snow cover in meadows. The ice thickness is 35-45 cm, seldom it reaches 85-100 sm. Summer floods fall at May-June when there are heavy fall of rain. Nevertheless they are slight.
The Southern Bug takes 14 tributaries from the left bank and as many from the right one within the district.
Near the village Myzyakov (the Kalinivka region) to the right the river Zgar, that begins in the territory of the Khmelnytsky district, joins the Southern Bug. The river valley has a slight slope of the river-bed and it is very waterlogged. The terraces arise up to 4 m over flood-lands and rise above near Mykulyntsy and Bagrinovetsk (the Lytyn region). In some places, for instance near Suprukov (the Lytyn region), granite abruptions come to pass on the river banks. There are numerous kolkhoz ponds in the Zgar valley and its tributary Zgarka. They are - Myzyakivtsy, Suprunivtsy, Penkivtsy, Bruslinivtsy and others. The average dimension of the ponds is substantial, some of them have the area of 100 hectares.
A shade lower the Riv flows into the Southern Bug. The Riv flows in the expansion zone of the Sarmatic deposits. The river valley is narrow and deep.
In the lower stream, between Braiilyv and Demidivka (the Zhmerinka region) the Riv flows in the granite river-bed, having cut through the Sarmatic deposits.
Little rivers flow down from the Dniester-Bug watershed. They are right tributaries of the Southern Bug - Vishnya, Selnitsa, Trostyanets, Dohna, Savranka. There are a lot of ponds in the valleys of these rivers.
The largest left tributary of the Southern Bug is Sob. It flows entirely in borders of the district. Its length is 125 km,
The Sob's source is situated to the northwest from the Zozov village (the Lypovets region). The Sob takes about 25 tributaries (Roganka, Skakunka, Sobyk, Kublych, Soroka, Verbych). This river forms its bed in crystal rocks and in the productions of rock denudation. For instance, the granite exfoliations are observed in Lypovets, and the limestone abruptions are met near Napadyvky.
Width of the river in the middle course is 5-10 m, in creek - 50 m, the depth is 1,5-2 m.
Along the left bank of the Sob from Gordiivka (the Lypovets region) up to Zhadanyv (the Illynets region), the 3-kilometre sandy terrace stretches. It widens up to 10 km near China-city, here and there the sands are cumulated. There are considerable waterlogged plots in the Sob valley between Dashev and Gaysyn. There are great ponds in the Sob basin (for instance, Dashevsky), the smaller in measure are met every 7-8 km along the river valley.
The Snyvoda, that has great resevoirs near Stare and New Pykov, carries its waters to the Southern Bug across the Khmelnytsky and the Kalynyv regions. The river terraces are well marked to the northwest from Ivanovo.
The Postolova river flows into the Southern Bug from the left. Its length is 38 km. There are waterlogged plots in the wellhead part of this river. The ponds near the villages Glynska, Guliivets and Grushyvky (Kalynyv region) have been made.
The Desna river (the length is 81 km) flows into the Southern Bug not far from the village Stryzhavka (the Vinnytsya region). Its valley is wide and waterlogged; slight slope and slow stream contribute to the piling of silt in the river. The river banks have been overgrown with marsh verdure. There are great ponds near New Greblya (the Kalynov region) and Turbov (the Lypovets region). This leads to the deceleration of the stream and silting of the river-bed. And as a result the necessity to clean the ponds systematically and to remove the appearence of marshes along the banks, emerges.
The Dniester, the second river of Ukraine in measure, flows in the southwest, on the border of the Chernyvtsy district and Moldova. In borders of Podillya this river, having got deeper into the thickness of sedementary rock, makes a meandering bed. In some places it has got deeper up to the ledge rock and that's why the rapids have formed here (for example, near Porogy of the Yaplol region). The Dniester valley isn't wide, sometimes steep rock raise above water on 60-80 m (near the villages Lyadova and Bronnytsa of the Mogiliv-Podilsky region). Two floods are in Dniester - the spring one, caused by the snow thawing, and the summer - in the period of rains in Carpathians.
Streaming down from the Dniester-Bug watershed, left tributaries of the Dniester have fast stream, their valleys (the canyon-like) are narrow and deep and they are quite stripped of terraces; steep banks, formed with sand- and limestones, make precipices of wonderful forms.
The point of the extreme northeast of the district belongs to the Dnieper basin. They flow in the territory of the district partially.
On the slopes of the Subdniesterian height, between the villages of Levkovka and Ordyntsy (the Pogrebysche region), the right tributary of the Dnieper - Ros - has its beginning. In the extreme point of northeast the rivers Oryhova and Rustavytsa flow - left tributaries of the Ros, and The Roska - right tributary. In the north of the district the Gnylopyat and Guyva have their beginnings (in the Kozyatyn region). Both of them are right tributaries of the Teterev (the Dnieper tributaries).
Ponds and lakes. Numerous ponds belong to the internal waters of the district. Their number runs to 2500, the general area is about 20000 hectares.
The pond saturation in the Southern Bug basin is very high and takes up one of first places in the country; it is 4-5 times five times as much in the Polissya rivers.
The greatest artifical resevoirs are formed by people in the Southern Bug valley. First of all it is necessary to relate the Ladyzhyn resevoir to them. It is called "The Ladyzhyn Sea", it occupies 2200 hectares of the water glass and overflows on 50 km along the river stream. The water level in this resevoir has been raised in 17 m. One can judge about its extent from the fact that 1 centimetre of the level contains 170 cubic m of water. The Glybochyn resevoir contains 20000 cubic m of water. The Sandatske, the Sutyske and the Dmytrenkyvske (on the Sob river) are to be refered to the artificial resevoirs of the Southern Bug.
Swamps. The swamps of Vinnytchyna are situated in the river valleys. The most part of them is located in the northern and middle parts of the district.
The greatest measures of swamps are situated along the Zgar (7400 hectares), the Riv (6200 hectares), the Rivets (5400 hectares), the Sob (5000 hectares), the Sovran (4600 hectares), the Postolova (3800 hectares), the Desna (3100 hectares).
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